グローバルCOE「心の社会性に関する教育研究拠点」スピーカーシリーズ

【第1回】
Daniel M. T. Fessler (Department of Anthropology, University of California, Los Angeles)
日時: 2009年3月28日（土）午前10時〜正午
場所: 北海道大学遠友学舎
タイトル・要旨
"Unpacking the Human Capacity for Culture"
Our species' success in colonizing nearly every ecosystem on the planet is primarily due to our capacity to acquire, use, and further develop information that we acquire from others. Anthropologists have long considered the question of the evolution of what has been termed "the capacity for culture." However, as this phrase suggests, most investigators have emphasized the development of informationally and evolutionarily implausible generalized learning mechanisms.
Evolutionary psychologists have achieved considerable success in identifying domain-specific mental mechanisms. However, with only a few exceptions, they have largely overlooked the problem of culture acquisition. This talk explores the emerging perspective that our species' use of culture depends on the workings of an assortment of special-purpose psychological mechanisms that evolved in order to exploit the enormous adaptive potential of socially transmitted information.

【第2回】
D. Michael Kuhlman (Department of Psychology, University of Delaware)
日時: 2009年3月28日（土）午後2時〜4時
場所: 北海道大学遠友学舎
タイトル・要旨
"Own Choice and Expectation of Partner’s Choice in Prisoner’s Dilemma: Does Social Value Orientation Moderate the Effects of Partner’s Apparent Traits, Emotional State and Physical Attractiveness?"
Studies concerned with the influence of partner’s characteristics often present participants with a verbal description of the partner on a small number of traits chosen by the researcher on theoretical grounds (eg, smart/stupid, honest/dishonest). While such research is informative with respect to the chosen traits, it leaves unanswered questions of three general types: (1) What other traits might influence choice and expectation? (2) Are choice and expectation influenced by the same traits? And, (3) Does the participant’s Social Value Orientation (Cooperative, Individualistic, Competitive) relate to the specific type of trait information he/she is most responsive to?
This talk will report the results of ongoing studies by my graduate students (Erin Yeagley and Madeleine Page) that address the above questions. In Yeagley’s work, Participants are shown a set of neutral photographs of 30 partners, and asked to indicate what choice they think they would be likely to make, and what choice they think the partner would be likely to make in a Prisoner’s Dilemma Game. The photos have been scaled on a number of emotions (anger, disgust, happiness, etc), traits (honest, trustworthy, submissive, etc), and physical attractiveness. Results are analyzed via a Hierarchical Linear Modelling approach in which Level 1 variables are the scaled partner characteristics and sex, and Level 2 variables are the participant’s Sex and Social Value Orientation. We are especially interested in seeing if, as suggested by an earlier (smaller) study, Cooperative and Non-Cooperative participants differ in responsiveness to physical attractiveness.
The work of Madeleine Page to be presented in this talk is an attempted extension of research by Yamagishi and colleagues showing that Japanese males who are cooperative are judged as less physically attractive than non-cooperative Japanese males. In Page’s work, participants rate the physical attractiveness of averaged (morphed) photos, differing in the Social Value Orientation of the students being averaged: Cooperator morphs, Individualistic morphs, and Competitive morphs. Are Cooperator morphs judged less attractive than Individualistic/Competitive ones? Does the difference hold only for males? In combination, Yeagley’s and Page’s work address an interesting issue. Yeagley’s work shows how Cooperators, Individualists and Competitors respond to physical attractiveness. Page’s work shows whether or not attractiveness is a valid cue with respect to a partner’s predisposition to cooperate. Does attractiveness influence choice and expectation in Prisoner’s Dilemma in a “sensible” way?

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